Nidaamyada daaweynta biyaha ee caadiga ah, flocculans-yada ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo waa aluminium cusbada iyo cusbada birta, milixyada aluminium ee ku haray biyaha la daaweeyay waxay halis gelinayaan caafimaadka bini'aadamka, iyo cusbada birta ee hadhaa waxay saameyn doontaa midabka biyaha, iwm; Inta badan daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah, way adag tahay in laga gudbo dhibaatooyinka wasakhda labaad sida xaddi badan oo dhoobo ah iyo qashin qubka oo adag. Sidaa darteed, raadinta badeecada dabiiciga ah ee aan keenin wasakheynta labaad ee deegaanka si loogu beddelo aluminium milix iyo milix birta ah ayaa ah baahida loo qabo hirgelinta istiraatiijiyado horumarineed oo waara maanta. Flocculants-ka polymer-ka dabiiciga ah ayaa soo jiitay fiiro gaar ah oo ka mid ah flocculants badan sababtoo ah ilaha alaabta ceeriin ee badan, qiimaha hooseeya, xulashada wanaagsan, qiyaasta yar, badbaadada iyo sunta aan sunta ahayn, iyo biodegradation dhamaystiran. Tobannaan sano oo horumar ah ka dib, tiro badan oo ah flocculants polymer-ka dabiiciga ah oo leh sifooyin kala duwan iyo adeegsi ayaa soo baxay, kuwaas oo istaarijka, lignin, chitosan iyo koollada khudradda hadda si weyn loo isticmaalo.
ChitosanGuryaha
Chitosan waa amorphous cad, adag oo dhalaalaysa, aan lagu milmi karin biyaha laakiin ku milma aashitada, taas oo ah sheyga deacetylation ee chitin. Guud ahaan, chitosan waxaa loogu yeeri karaa chitosan marka kooxda N-acetyl ee chitin laga saaro in ka badan 55%. Chitin waa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee ka baxsan xayawaanka iyo cayayaanka, waana tan labaad ee ugu weyn ee dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah ee dhulka ka dib cellulose. Sida flocculant, chitosan waa dabiici, aan sun ahayn waana la dumin karaa. Waxaa jira kooxo badan oo hydroxyl ah, kooxaha amino iyo qaar ka mid ah kooxaha N-acetylamino oo loo qaybiyey silsiladda macromolecular ee chitosan, taas oo samayn karta polyelectrolytes cationic leh cufnaanta sare ee xalalka acidic, iyo sidoo kale samayn kara qaab-dhismeedka shabakadeed iyada oo la adeegsanayo bonds hydrogen ama ionic. curaarta Unugyada qafiska, si ay u kaafiyaan ugana saaraan ayoonooyinka birta culus ee badan ee sunta iyo waxyeelada leh. Chitosan iyo waxyaalaheedii waxay leeyihiin adeegsi balaadhan oo kala duwan, ma aha oo kaliya dhar-samaynta, daabacaadda iyo dheehidda, waraaqaha, dawooyinka, cuntada, warshadaha kiimikada, bayoolajiga iyo beeraha iyo meelo kale oo badan ayaa leh qiimeyaal codsi oo badan, laakiin sidoo kale daaweynta biyaha, ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sida adsorbent, flocculation agents, fungicides, ion exchangers, diyaarinta xuubka, iwm.
CodsigaChitosanee Daaweynta Biyaha
(1) Ka saar adkaha adag ee ku jira jirka biyaha. Biyaha dabiiciga ah, waxay noqotaa nidaam kolloid ah oo si xun loo soo oogay sababtoo ah jiritaanka bakteeriyada dhoobada ah, iwm. Sida polymer cationic silsilad dheer, chitosan waxay ciyaari kartaa hawlaha dual ee dhexdhexaadinta korantada iyo xinjirowga iyo xinjirowga iyo isku-xidhka, waxayna leedahay xinjir adag. saamaynta walxaha la hakiyey. Marka la barbar dhigo alum-dhaqameedka iyo polyacrylamide sida flocculant, chitosan waxay leedahay saamayn caddaynaysa. RAVID iyo al. dersay saamaynta daawaynta flocculation ee qaybinta biyaha kaolin-ka ah markii qiimaha pH ee chitosan uu ahaa 5-9, oo la ogaaday in flocculation uu si weyn u saameeyay qiimaha pH, iyo qiimaha pH ee waxtarka leh ee ka saarista turbidity wuxuu ahaa 7.0-7.5. 1mg/L flocculant, heerka ka saarida turbidity ayaa ka badan 90%, iyo flocs la soo saaray waa qalafsanaan iyo degdeg ah, iyo wadarta waqtiga flocculation flocculation ka badnayn 1h; laakiin marka qiimaha pH uu hoos u dhaco ama kordho, waxtarka qulqulka ayaa hoos u dhacaya, taas oo muujinaysa in kaliya ee pH aad u cidhiidhi ah, chitosan ay samayn karto polymerization wanaagsan oo leh qaybo kaolin ah. Daraasadaha qaarkood waxay ogaadeen in marka xannibaadda flocculated bentonite lagu daaweeyaa chitosan, qiimaha pH ee ku habboon waa ballaaran yahay. Sidaa darteed, marka biyaha turbid ay ka kooban yihiin qaybo la mid ah kaolin, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu daro qadar ku habboon bentonite sida xinjirowga dhiigga si loo hagaajiyo polymerizationchitosanqaybaha. Ka dib, RAVID et al. helay in
Haddii uu jiro humus ku jira kaolin ama titanium dioxide ganaaxa, way fududahay in la daadiyo oo lagu soo dejiyo chitosan, sababtoo ah humus-ka xun ayaa ku xiran dusha sare ee qaybaha, humuskuna wuxuu fududeeyaa hagaajinta qiimaha pH. Chitosan weli waxay muujisay sifooyin heer sare ah oo loogu talagalay hadhaaga biyaha dabiiciga ah ee leh turbidity iyo alkalinity kala duwan.
(2) Ka saar algae iyo bakteeriyada jidhka biyaha. Sannadihii u dambeeyay, dadka qaar ee dibadda waxay bilaabeen inay daraasad ku sameeyaan xajinta iyo qulqulka chitosan ee hababka kolloidka noolaha sida algae iyo bakteeriyada. Chitosan waxay saameyn ku leedahay algae-ka biyaha saafiga ah, kuwaas oo ah Spirulina, algae Oscillator, Chlorella iyo algae buluug-cagaaran. Daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen in algae-ka biyaha saafiga ah, ka saarista ay ugu fiican tahay pH ee 7; algae badeedka, pH waa ka hooseeyaa. Qiyaasta ku habboon ee chitosan waxay kuxirantahay fiirsashada algae ee jirka biyaha. Markasta oo ay sare u kacdo algae-ga, waxa loo baahan yahay in lagu daro qiyaasta badan ee chitosan, iyo korodhka qiyaasta chitosan waxay u egtahay in ay keento qulqulo iyo roobab. dhaqso badan. Turbidity waxay qiyaasi kartaa ka saarida algae. Marka qiimaha pH uu yahay 7,5mg/Lchitosanwaxay ka saari kartaa 90% turbidity ee biyaha, iyo heerka sare ee algae-fiirsashada, xuubabka floc ee adag iyo si ka wanaagsan waxqabadka sedimentation.
Baaritaanka micnaha yar yar ayaa muujiyay in algae-kii laga saaray qulqulka iyo qulqulka ay ahaayeen kuwo la isku daray oo la isku daray, oo ay weli ku jiraan xaalad firfircoon oo firfircoon. Maadaama chitosan aysan wax saameyn taban ah ku yeelan noocyada biyaha, biyaha la daweeyay ayaa wali loo isticmaali karaa aquaculture-ka biyaha saafiga ah, si ka duwan kuwa kale ee loo yaqaan 'flocculants synthetic' ee daaweynta biyaha. Habka ka saarista chitosan ee bakteeriyada waa mid dhib badan. Marka la daraaseeyo qulqulka Escherichia coli ee leh chitosan, waxaa la ogaaday in habka isku xidhka aan dheelitirnayn uu yahay habka ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka qulqulka, iyo chitosan waxay soo saartaa curaarta hydrogen ee qashinka unugyada. Daraasad kale ayaa muujisay in waxtarka flocculation chitosan ee E. coli aysan ku xirneyn oo kaliya culeyska tamarta korontada, laakiin sidoo kale waxay ku xiran tahay cabbirkeeda hydraulic.
(3) Ka saar aluminium haraaga ah oo nadiifi biyaha la cabbo. Aluminium cusbada iyo flocculants polyaluminum ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa hababka daaweynta biyaha tuubada, laakiin isticmaalka aluminium flocculants flocculants waxay keeni kartaa in content aluminium kordhaysa ee biyaha la cabbo. Aluminiumka haraaga ah ee ku jira biyaha la cabbo ayaa khatar weyn ku ah caafimaadka aadanaha. Inkasta oo chitosan ay sidoo kale leedahay dhibaatada haraaga biyaha, sababtoo ah waa aminopolysaccharide alkaline aan sun ahayn oo dabiici ah, haraaga ma keeni doono waxyeelo jidhka bini'aadamka, waxaana laga saari karaa habka daaweynta ee xiga. Intaa waxaa dheer, isticmaalka isku-darka ah ee chitosan iyo flocculats-ka aan organic sida polyaluminum chloride waxay yarayn kartaa waxa ku jira aluminium haraaga ah. Sidaa darteed, daawaynta biyaha la cabbo, chitosan waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin in kuwa kale ee polymers organic flocculants aysan bedeli karin.
Codsiga Chitosan ee Daaweynta Biyaha wasakhda
(1) Ka saar ion birta. Silsiladda molecular eechitosaniyo waxyaabaha ay ka soo saara waxa ku jira tiro badan oo ah kooxaha amino iyo kooxaha hydroxyl, sidaas darteed waxa ay saamayn chelating on biraha badan oo aions, oo si wax ku ool ah u adsorb ama qabsan kartaa aions biraha culus ee xalka. Catherine A. Eiden iyo daraasado kale ayaa muujiyay in awoodda xajinta ee chitosan ilaa Pb2+ iyo Cr3+ (cutubka chitosan) ay gaadho 0.2 mmol/g iyo 0.25 mmol/g, siday u kala horreeyaan, waxayna leedahay awood adsorption oo xooggan. Zhang Ting'an iyo al. loo isticmaalo chitosan deacetylated si uu naxaasta uga saaro qulqulka. Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in marka qiimaha pH uu ahaa 8.0 iyo xoojinta tirada badan ee ions naxaasta ee muunadda biyaha ay ka hoosaysay 100 mg/L, heerka saarista naxaasta wuxuu ka badnaa 99%; U fiirsashada tirada badan waa 400mg/L, iyo uruurinta baaxadda ion naxaasta ee dareeraha haraaga ah ayaa wali la kulma heerka dheecaanka biyaha wasakhda ah ee qaranka. Tijaabo kale ayaa caddaysay in marka pH = 5.0 iyo wakhtiga xayeysiinta uu ahaa 2h, heerka ka saarista chitosan ilaa Ni2+ ee dareeraha wasakhda qashinka nikkel ee kiimikada ayaa gaari kara 72.25%.
(2) Ku dawee biyaha wasakhda leh borotiinno sare sida biyaha wasakhda cuntada. Inta lagu jiro habaynta cuntada, biyaha wasakhda ah ee ay ku jiraan xaddi badan oo adag ayaa la soo daayaa. Unugyada chitosan waxay ka kooban yihiin kooxda amide, kooxda amino iyo kooxda hydroxyl. Iyada oo protonation ee kooxda amino, waxa ay muujinaysaa doorka cationic polyelectrolyte, taas oo aan saamayn chelating on biraha culus, laakiin sidoo kale si wax ku ool ah u flocculate iyo adsorb si xun u soo oogay qaybo ganaax biyaha. Chitin iyo chitosan waxay samayn karaan isku dhisyo ay hydrogen ku xidhmaan borotiinada, acids amino, acids dufanka leh, iwm. Fang Zhimin et al. loo isticmaalochitosan, aluminium sulfate, ferric sulfate iyo polypropylene phthalamide sida flocculants si ay uga soo kabtaan borotiinka biyaha wasakhda ah ee habeeya cuntooyinka badda. Heerka soo kabashada borotiinka sare iyo gudbinta iftiinka dareeraha ayaa la heli karaa. Sababtoo ah chitosan lafteedu maaha mid sun ah oo aan lahayn wasakh labaad, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in dib loo warshadeeyo walxaha waxtarka leh sida borotiinka iyo istaarijka ku jira biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaynta cuntada si loo habeeyo loona isticmaalo dib u isticmaalka, sida ku darista quudinta sida quudinta xoolaha.
(3) Daaweynta daabacaadda iyo midabaynta biyaha wasakhda ah. Daabacaadda iyo midabaynta biyaha wasakhda ah waxaa loola jeedaa biyaha wasakhda ah ee laga soo saaro suufka, dhogorta, fiber kiimikaad iyo alaabada kale ee dharka ee habka diyaarinta, rinjiyeynta, daabacaadda iyo dhamaystirka. Waxa ay inta badan ka kooban tahay cusbo, surfactants organic iyo midabyo, iwm, oo leh qaybo kakan, chroma weyn iyo COD sare. , waxayna u kobcaan jihada anti-oxidation iyo anti-biograderation, taas oo aad khatar ugu ah caafimaadka dadka iyo deegaanka. Chitosan waxay ka kooban tahay kooxaha amino iyo kooxaha hydroxyl, waxayna leedahay saameyn xoog leh oo xayeysiis ah oo ku saabsan dheeha, oo ay ku jiraan: adsorption jirka, adsorption kiimikaad iyo xayaysiinta isweydaarsiga ion, inta badan iyada oo loo marayo isku-xidhka hydrogen, soo jiidashada electrostatic, sarrifka ion, van der Waals Force, isdhexgalka hydrophobic, iwm. saamayn. Isla mar ahaantaana, qaab-dhismeedka molecular ee chitosan waxaa ku jira tiro badan oo ah kooxaha amino aasaasiga ah, kuwaas oo sameeya walax aad u fiican oo polymer chelating iyada oo loo marayo bonds iskudubarid, kaas oo agglutinate kara dheeha biyaha wasakhda ah, oo aan sun ahayn oo aan soo saarin wasakh sare.
(4) Codsiga biyaha wasakhda. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, inta badan dhirta lagu daweeyo bulaacadaha magaalada waxay isticmaalaan cationic polyacrylamide si ay u daweeyaan dhoobada. Dhaqanku wuxuu muujiyay in wakiilkani uu leeyahay saameyn wanaagsan oo qulqulaya oo ay fududahay in biyaha laga saaro dhoobada, laakiin hadhaaga, gaar ahaan acrylamide monomer, waa kansar xooggan. Sidaa darteed, waa shaqo aad u macno badan in la raadiyo beddelkeeda. Chitosan waa qaboojiyaha dhoobada wanaagsan, kaas oo gacan ka geysanaya sameynta bakteeriyada sludge micelles, taas oo kicin karta walxaha si xun loo dallacay iyo walxaha dabiiciga ah ee xalka, iyo hagaajinta waxtarka daaweynta ee habka dhoobada firfircoon. Daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen in polyaluminum chloride / chitosan composite flocculant ma aha oo kaliya inay saameyn muuqata ku leedahay qaboojinta dhoobada, laakiin sidoo kale marka la barbardhigo isticmaalka hal PAC ama chitosan, caabbinta gaarka ah ee caabbinta marka hore waxay gaartaa meel hoose, heerka sifeynta ayaa ka sarreeya. Aad bay u dhakhso badan tahay oo waa conditioner ka fiican; Intaa waxaa dheer, saddex nooc oo karboxymethyl chitosan (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan iyo O-carboxymethyl chitosan) ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida Flocculant ayaa lagu tijaabiyay waxqabadka dareeraha ee dhoobada, waxaana la ogaaday in flocs la sameeyay ay ahaayeen xoog leh oo aan sahlanayn in la jebiyo, taas oo muujinaysa in saamaynta flocculant-ku ku leedahay nadiifinta wasakhdu ay aad uga wanaagsan tahay kuwa flocculants caadiga ah.
Chitosanasalkiisuna waa qani khayraad, dabiici ah, aan sun ahayn, xaalufin karo, isla markaana leh sifooyin kala duwan isku mar. Waa wakiilada daaweynta biyaha cagaaran. Maadkeeda cayriin, chitin, waa isku dhafka dabiiciga ah ee labaad ee ugu weyn dhulka. Sidaa darteed, sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, horumarinta chitosan ee daaweynta biyaha ayaa leh korriin muuqda oo korriin ah. Sida polymer-ka dabiiciga ah ee qashinka u rogaya hanti, chitosan ayaa markii hore lagu dabaqay meelo badan, laakiin waxqabadka iyo codsiga alaabta gudaha ayaa weli leh farqi gaar ah marka loo eego wadamada kale ee horumaray. Iyadoo qoto dheer ee cilmi-baarista chitosan iyo ka-soo-saarkeeda, gaar ahaan chitosan-ka la beddelay oo leh sifooyin isku-dhafan oo aad u wanaagsan, waxay leedahay qiime badan oo dheeraad ah. Sahaminta teknoolojiyadda codsiga ee chitosan ee daaweynta biyaha iyo horumarinta alaabada deegaanka u fican ee ka soo jeeda chitosan oo leh kala duwanaansho codsi oo ballaadhan waxay yeelan doontaa qiime suuqeed aad u ballaadhan iyo rajooyin codsi.
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Waqtiga boostada: Agoosto-09-2022