Daaweynta Biyaha Qashinka ee Chitosan

Nidaamyada daaweynta biyaha ee caadiga ah, kuwa ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waa cusbada aluminiumka iyo cusbada birta, milixda aluminiumka ee ku hartay biyaha la daweeyay waxay halis gelin doontaa caafimaadka aadanaha, milixda birta ee hartayna waxay saameyn doontaa midabka biyaha, iwm.; inta badan daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah, way adag tahay in laga gudbo dhibaatooyinka wasakhda labaad sida xaddi badan oo wasakh ah iyo qashin-qubka adag. Sidaa darteed, raadinta badeecad dabiici ah oo aan sababin wasakh labaad oo deegaanka ah si loogu beddelo kuwa milixda aluminiumka iyo kuwa milixda birta ah ayaa ah baahida loo qabo in maanta la hirgeliyo istaraatiijiyado horumarineed oo waara. Kuwa milma polymer-ka dabiiciga ah waxay soo jiiteen dareen badan oo ka dhex jira kuwa milma badan sababtoo ah ilaha ceeriin ee badan, qiimaha hooseeya, xulashada wanaagsan, qiyaasta yar, badbaadada iyo sunta la'aanta, iyo burburka dhammaystiran ee noolaha. Ka dib tobanaan sano oo horumar ah, tiro badan oo ah kuwa milma polymer-ka dabiiciga ah oo leh sifooyin iyo isticmaal kala duwan ayaa soo baxay, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin istaarijka, lignin, chitosan iyo koolada khudaarta ayaa hadda si weyn loo isticmaalaa.

ChitosanGuryaha

Chitosan waa cadaan aan qaab lahayn, oo adag oo dabacsan, aan ku milmi karin biyaha laakiin ku milmi kara aashitada, taas oo ah wax soo saarka deacetylation ee chitin. Guud ahaan, chitosan waxaa loogu yeeri karaa chitosan marka kooxda N-acetyl ee chitin laga saaro in ka badan 55%. Chitin waa qaybta ugu weyn ee exoskeletons ee xayawaanka iyo cayayaanka, waana isku-darka labaad ee ugu weyn dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah ee dhulka ka dib cellulose. Sida flocculant, chitosan waa dabiici, aan sun ahayn oo burburi kara. Waxaa jira kooxo badan oo hydroxyl ah, kooxo amino ah iyo kooxo N-acetylamino ah oo ku kala firirsan silsiladda macromolecular ee chitosan, kuwaas oo samayn kara polyelectrolytes cationic oo leh cufnaan sare oo ku jirta xalalka aashitada, waxayna sidoo kale samayn karaan qaab-dhismeedyo u eg shabakad iyadoo la adeegsanayo xidhmooyinka hydrogen ama xidhmooyinka ionic. Molecules-ka qafiska, sidaas darteed waxay isku dhafanayaan oo ka saarayaan ion badan oo sun ah oo khatar ah. Chitosan iyo waxyaabaha ay ka soo saarto waxay leeyihiin isticmaalyo kala duwan, ma aha oo kaliya dharka, daabacaadda iyo rinjiyeynta, sameynta waraaqaha, daawada, cuntada, warshadaha kiimikada, bayoolajiga iyo beeraha iyo meelo kale oo badan waxay leeyihiin qiimo codsi oo badan, laakiin sidoo kale daaweynta biyaha, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida nuugayaasha, wakiilada flocculation, fungicides, ion exchangers, diyaarinta xuubka, iwm. Chitosan waxaa ansixiyay Hay'adda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka inay tahay wakiil nadiifiya biyaha la cabbo sababtoo ah faa'iidooyinkeeda gaarka ah ee codsiyada biyaha iyo daaweynta biyaha.

CodsigaChitosanDaaweynta Biyaha

(1) Ka saar walxaha adag ee la laalaabtay ee ku jira jirka biyaha. Biyaha dabiiciga ah, waxay noqotaa nidaam kolloid ah oo si xun u dallacaya sababtoo ah jiritaanka bakteeriyada dhoobada, iwm. Iyada oo ah polymer cationic silsilad dheer leh, chitosan wuxuu ciyaari karaa laba hawlood oo kala ah dhexdhexaadinta korantada iyo xinjirowga iyo nuugista iyo buundada, wuxuuna leeyahay saameyn xinjirowga oo xooggan oo ku saabsan walxaha la laalaabtay. Marka la barbardhigo alum-ka dhaqameed iyo polyacrylamide sida flocculants, chitosan wuxuu leeyahay saameyn cadayn oo wanaagsan. RAVID et al. waxay barteen saameynta daaweynta flocculation ee qaybinta biyaha kaolin ee hal mar marka qiimaha pH ee chitosan uu ahaa 5-9, waxayna ogaadeen in flocculation uu si weyn u saameeyay qiimaha pH, qiimaha pH ee wax ku oolka ah ee ka saarista xinjirowga wuxuu ahaa 7.0-7.5. 1mg/L flocculant, heerka ka saarista xinjirowga wuxuu ka badan yahay 90%, flocs-ka la soo saarayna waa kuwo qallafsan oo degdeg ah, waqtiga shaandhaynta flocculation-ka guud ahaan ma dhaafo 1 saac; laakiin marka qiimaha pH uu hoos u dhaco ama uu kordho, waxtarka flocculation-ku wuu yaraadaa, taasoo muujinaysa in kaliya marka pH aad u cidhiidhi ah, chitosan uu samayn karo polymerization wanaagsan oo leh walxaha kaolin. Daraasado qaar ayaa ogaaday in marka flocculated bentonite suspension lagu daaweeyo chitosan, qiimaha pH ee ku habboon waa ballaaran yahay. Sidaa darteed, marka biyaha wasakhaysan ay ka kooban yihiin walxo la mid ah kaolin, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu daro xaddi ku habboon oo bentonite ah oo ah coagulant si loo hagaajiyo polymerization-kachitosanwalxaha ku jira. Dabadeed, RAVID et al. waxay ogaadeen in

Haddii uu ku jiro humus kaolin ama titanium dioxide suspension, way fududahay in lagu shubo oo lagu soo daayo chitosan, sababtoo ah humus-ka taban ayaa ku xiran dusha sare ee walxaha, humus-na waxay sahlaysaa in la hagaajiyo qiimaha pH. Chitosan wali waxay muujisay sifooyin sare oo flocculation ah oo loogu talagalay biyaha dabiiciga ah oo leh wasakh iyo alkaline kala duwan.

(2) Ka saar algae iyo bakteeriyada jirka biyaha. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, dad qaar oo dibadda jooga ayaa bilaabay inay bartaan nuugista iyo qulqulka chitosan ee nidaamyada colloid-ka bayoolojiga sida algae iyo bakteeriyada. Chitosan waxay saameyn ku leedahay ka saarista algae-ga biyaha macaan, kuwaas oo kala ah Spirulina, algae Oscillator, Chlorella iyo algae buluug-cagaaran. Daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen in algae-ga biyaha macaan, ka saarista ay ugu fiican tahay pH-ga 7; algae-ga badda, pH-gu wuu hooseeyaa. Qiyaasta ku habboon ee chitosan waxay ku xiran tahay xoogga algae ee jirka biyaha. Inta badan xoogga algae-ga, ayaa loo baahan yahay in lagu daro qiyaasta chitosan badan, kororka qiyaasta chitosan-na wuxuu u janjeeraa inuu keeno flocculation iyo roobab. Si dhakhso ah. Wareerku wuxuu cabbiri karaa ka saarista algae. Marka qiimaha pH-gu yahay 7, 5mg/Lchitosanwaxay ka saari kartaa 90% wasakhda biyaha, iyo inta badan ee algae-ga la ururiyo, ayaa walxaha floc-ga ah ay sii adkaanayaan oo waxqabadka fadhiisintu wuu fiicnaanayaa.

Baaritaanka mikroskoobka ayaa muujiyay in algae-ga laga saaray flocculation iyo sedimentation-ka ay isku urureen oo keliya oo ay isku dhegeen, welina ay ku jireen xaalad aan dhammaad lahayn oo firfircoon. Maadaama chitosan uusan wax saameyn xun ku yeelan noocyada biyaha ku jira, biyaha la daweeyay wali waxaa loo isticmaali karaa kalluumeysiga biyaha macaan, si ka duwan flocculants-ka kale ee macmal ah ee daaweynta biyaha. Habka looga saarayo chitosan bakteeriyada waa mid aad u adag. Marka la barto flocculation-ka Escherichia coli oo leh chitosan, waxaa la ogaaday in habka buundooyinka aan dheelitirnayn uu yahay habka ugu weyn ee nidaamka flocculation-ka, chitosan-na wuxuu soo saaraa isku-xidhka hydrogen ee qashinka unugyada. Daraasad kale ayaa muujisay in waxtarka flocculation-ka chitosan ee E. coli uusan ku xirnayn oo keliya culayska dielectric-ka laakiin sidoo kale cabbirkiisa haydarooliga.

(3) Ka saar aluminiumka harsan oo nadiifi biyaha la cabbo. Cusbooyinka aluminiumka iyo polyaluminum flocculants ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa hababka daaweynta biyaha tuubada, laakiin isticmaalka flocculants-ka milixda aluminiumka waxay horseedi kartaa kororka heerka aluminiumka ee biyaha la cabbo. Haraaga aluminiumka ee biyaha la cabbo waa khatar halis ah oo ku wajahan caafimaadka aadanaha. In kasta oo chitosan uu sidoo kale leeyahay dhibaatada haraaga biyaha, sababtoo ah waa aminopolysaccharide alkaline dabiici ah oo aan sun ahayn, haraaga ma geysan doono waxyeello jirka aadanaha, waxaana laga saari karaa habka daaweynta ee xiga. Intaa waxaa dheer, isticmaalka isku-darka ah ee chitosan iyo flocculants-ka aan organic ahayn sida polyaluminum chloride waxay yareyn kartaa heerka aluminiumka harsan. Sidaa darteed, daaweynta biyaha la cabbo, chitosan wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyinka flocculants-ka polymer-ka ee kale ee aan synthetic ahayn aysan beddeli karin.

Isticmaalka Chitosan ee Daaweynta Biyaha Qashinka ah

(1) Ka saar ayoonnada birta ah. Silsiladda molecular-ka eechitosaniyo waxyaabaha ka soo baxa waxay ka kooban yihiin tiro badan oo ah kooxaha amino iyo kooxaha hydroxyl, sidaas darteed waxay leedahay saameyn chelating ah oo ku saabsan ion badan oo bir ah, waxayna si wax ku ool ah u nuugi kartaa ama u qaban kartaa ionada birta culus ee xalka. Catherine A. Eiden iyo daraasado kale ayaa muujiyay in awoodda nuugista ee chitosan ilaa Pb2+ iyo Cr3+ (cutubka chitosan) ay gaarto 0.2 mmol/g iyo 0.25 mmol/g, siday u kala horreeyaan, waxayna leedahay awood nuugis oo xooggan. Zhang Ting'an et al. waxay isticmaaleen chitosan deacetylated si ay uga saaraan naxaasta iyadoo la isticmaalayo flocculation. Natiijooyinka waxay muujiyeen in markii qiimaha pH uu ahaa 8.0 iyo tirada guud ee ionada naxaasta ee muunadda biyaha uu ka hooseeyay 100 mg/L, heerka ka saarista naxaasta uu ka badnaa 99%; Tirada guud waa 400mg/L, tirada guud ee ionada naxaasta ee dareeraha haraaga ah wali waxay la mid tahay heerka qulqulka biyaha wasakhda ah ee qaranka. Tijaabo kale ayaa muujisay in marka pH=5.0 iyo waqtiga nuugista ay ahayd 2 saacadood, heerka ka saarista chitosan ilaa Ni2+ ee dareeraha qashinka nikkel-ka kiimikada ee nuugista uu gaari karo 72.25%.

(2) Biyaha wasakhda ah ku daawee borotiin badan sida biyaha wasakhda ah ee cuntada. Inta lagu jiro habaynta cuntada, biyaha wasakhda ah ee ka kooban xaddi badan oo adag oo la hakiyey ayaa la sii daayaa. Molecule-ka chitosan wuxuu ka kooban yahay kooxda amide, kooxda amino iyo kooxda hydroxyl. Iyada oo la adeegsanayo protonation-ka kooxda amino, waxay muujinaysaa doorka polyelectrolyte cationic, kaas oo aan kaliya saameyn chelating ah ku lahayn biraha culus, laakiin sidoo kale si wax ku ool ah u buuxin kara oo u nuugi kara walxaha khafiifka ah ee si xun u dallacaya biyaha. Chitin iyo chitosan waxay samayn karaan isku-dhafan iyagoo ku xidhmaya haydarojiin borotiinno, amino acids, acids dufan, iwm. Fang Zhimin et al. ayaa loo isticmaalaychitosan, aluminium sulfate, ferric sulfate iyo polypropylene phthalamide oo ah flocculants si ay u soo ceshadaan borotiinka ka soo baxa biyaha wasakhda ah ee cuntada badda. Heerka soo kabashada borotiinka sare iyo gudbinta iftiinka wasakhda ayaa la heli karaa. Sababtoo ah chitosan lafteedu ma aha mid sun ah mana laha wasakh labaad, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in dib loogu warshadeeyo walxaha waxtarka leh sida borotiinka iyo istaarijka biyaha wasakhda ah ee ka yimaada warshadaha cuntada si loo farsameeyo loona isticmaalo, sida in lagu daro quudinta sidii quudin xayawaan.

(3) Daaweynta daabacaadda iyo rinjiyeynta biyaha wasakhda ah. Daabacaadda iyo rinjiyeynta biyaha wasakhda ah waxaa loola jeedaa biyaha wasakhda ah ee laga soo daayo suufka, dhogorta, faybarka kiimikada iyo alaabada kale ee dharka ah inta lagu jiro daaweynta kahor, rinjiyeynta, daabacaadda iyo dhammaystirka. Badanaa waxay ka kooban tahay cusbo, walxaha dabiiciga ah iyo rinjiyeynta, iwm., oo leh qaybo adag, chroma weyn iyo COD sare., waxayna ku koraan jihada ka-hortagga oksaydhka iyo ka-hortagga-bayoolojiga, taas oo aad u waxyeello u leh caafimaadka aadanaha iyo deegaanka. Chitosan waxay ka kooban tahay kooxaha amino iyo kooxaha hydroxyl, waxayna leedahay saameyn nuugid xooggan oo ku saabsan rinjiyeynta, oo ay ku jiraan: nuugista jireed, nuugista kiimikada iyo nuugista is-weydaarsiga ion, inta badan iyada oo loo marayo isku-xirka hydrogen, soo jiidashada electrostatic, isweydaarsiga ion, xoogga van der Waals, isdhexgalka hydrophobic, iwm. Isla mar ahaantaana, qaab-dhismeedka molecular ee chitosan wuxuu ka kooban yahay tiro badan oo kooxo amino ah oo asaasi ah, kuwaas oo sameeya wakiil chelating polymer oo aad u fiican iyada oo loo marayo isku-xidhka isku-dubaridka, kaas oo isku dari kara midabada biyaha wasakhda ah, waana mid aan sun ahayn mana soo saaro wasakh labaad.

(4) Adeegsiga biyo-baxa wasakhda. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, inta badan warshadaha daaweynta wasakhda magaalooyinka waxay isticmaalaan cationic polyacrylamide si ay u daaweeyaan wasakhda. Ku dhaqanka ayaa muujiyay in wakiilkani uu leeyahay saameyn wanaagsan oo dheecaan ah isla markaana uu si fudud u nadiifinayo wasakhda, laakiin haraaga, gaar ahaan monomer-ka acrylamide, waa kansar xooggan. Sidaa darteed, waa shaqo aad u macno leh in la raadiyo beddelkeeda. Chitosan waa qaboojiye wasakh wanaagsan, kaas oo ka caawiya sameynta micelles bakteeriyada wasakhda firfircoon, taas oo ku milmi karta walxaha si xun loo dallacay iyo walxaha dabiiciga ah ee xalka, iyo hagaajinta waxtarka daaweynta ee habka dhoobada firfircoon. Daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen in flocculant-ka isku-dhafka ah ee polyaluminum chloride/chitosan uusan kaliya saameyn cad ku lahayn qaboojinta wasakhda, laakiin sidoo kale marka la barbar dhigo isticmaalka hal PAC ama chitosan, iska caabbinta gaarka ah ee wasakhda marka hore waxay gaartaa meel hoose, heerka sifeyntuna waa ka sarreeyaa. Waa dhakhso badan yahay waana qaboojiye ka wanaagsan; Intaa waxaa dheer, saddex nooc oo ah carboxymethyl chitosan (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan iyo O-carboxymethyl chitosan) ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida Flocculant-ka waxaa lagu tijaabiyay waxqabadka dewatering ee dhoobada, waxaana la ogaaday in flocs-ka la sameeyay ay ahaayeen kuwo xooggan oo aan si fudud loo jabin karin, taasoo muujinaysa in saameynta flocculant-ku ku leedahay dewatering-ka dhoobada ay si weyn uga wanaagsan tahay flocculants-ka caadiga ah.

Chitosaniyo waxyaabaha ay ka soo saarto waxay hodan ku yihiin kheyraad, dabiici ah, aan sun ahayn, burburi kara, waxayna leeyihiin sifooyin kala duwan isla waqtigaas. Waa wakiillo daaweynta biyaha cagaaran. Maaddadeeda ceeriin, chitin, waa isku-darka dabiiciga ah ee labaad ee ugu weyn dhulka. Sidaa darteed, sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, horumarinta chitosan ee daaweynta biyaha waxay leedahay korriin muuqata. Iyada oo ah polymer dabiici ah oo qashinka u roga khasnad, chitosan waxaa markii hore lagu dabaqay meelo badan, laakiin waxqabadka iyo codsiga alaabada gudaha ayaa weli leh farqi gaar ah marka loo eego waddamada kale ee horumarsan. Iyadoo la sii qoto dheereynayo cilmi-baarista ku saabsan chitosan iyo waxyaabaha ay ka soo saarto, gaar ahaan chitosan-ka wax laga beddelay oo leh sifooyin isku-darka oo heer sare ah, waxay leedahay qiimo codsi oo aad u badan. Sahaminta tignoolajiyada codsiga ee chitosan ee daaweynta biyaha iyo horumarinta alaabada deegaanka u fiican ee waxyaabaha laga soo saaro chitosan oo leh baaxad ballaaran oo codsi ah waxay yeelan doontaa qiimo suuqeed oo aad u ballaaran iyo rajooyin codsi.

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